What happens if I die right after taking my shahada?

You'd meet Allah with a clean slate. Islam wipes out every sin that came before it, so someone who sincerely takes the shahada and dies soon after returns to Allah forgiven, even without having prayed a single prayer. That's not a reason to fear dying "too early." It's a reason not to delay your shahada.

Islam erases the past

When the companion Amr ibn al-As was worried about his past sins before accepting Islam, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ told him: "Are you not aware of the fact that Islam wipes out all the previous (misdeeds)?" (Sahih Muslim 121).

And the good you did before Islam isn't lost either. The Prophet ﷺ told Hakim ibn Hizam that he became Muslim "with all those good deeds" (Sahih al-Bukhari 1436).

"A little work, but a great reward"

A man in armor once came to the Prophet ﷺ and asked whether he should fight first or accept Islam first. The Prophet ﷺ said: "Embrace Islam first and then fight." The man accepted Islam and was killed in battle soon after. The Prophet ﷺ said: "A little work, but a great reward" (Sahih al-Bukhari 2808).

He hadn't prayed, fasted or done anything else as a Muslim, yet his sincere faith was enough.

وَمَن يَعْمَلْ سُوٓءًا أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُۥ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ ٱللَّهَ يَجِدِ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا "And whoever does a wrong or wrongs himself but then seeks forgiveness of Allah will find Allah Forgiving and Merciful." Quran 4:110

What matters is sincerity

The shahada isn't a magic formula. It counts when it's said with real belief in your heart. If you believe, say it. Waiting until you're "better" or "more ready" only delays the clean slate. See Do I have to quit drinking before I become Muslim?

Practical steps after your shahada

Because none of us knows when we'll die, a few simple steps help:

Tell at least one person, like a Muslim friend or the imam, that you're Muslim.
Write it down in a simple will, including that you want an Islamic burial.
Learn the basics gradually, starting with prayer.

If your family doesn't know and holds a non-Muslim funeral, that isn't your sin. Allah knows who you were. For burial planning, see Can I be buried next to my non-Muslim family as a Muslim?

Don't live in fear

Some new Muslims become anxious about every sin after their shahada, afraid of "ruining" their clean record. That's not how Islam works. When you slip, you repent, and Allah forgives again and again.

Key points

The shahada wipes out all past sins.
A sincere new Muslim who dies soon after is forgiven.
Don't delay your shahada waiting to be "ready."
Tell someone and write a simple will.

Tip: Save your imam's or a Muslim friend's number as an emergency contact on your phone, with a note that you're Muslim.